Exploring Learners’ Backchannel Production in Complaint Sequences Across Proficiency Levels

Abstract

To participate effectively in interaction, interlocutors should make use of various resources such as backchannels. Through backchannels, listeners can, for example, show attention and provide support and feedback. The study aims to explore the effect of proficiency level on backchannel production. 64 English learners at two different proficiency levels participated in a role-play task consisting of a complaint situation. The learners’ production of backchannels was analysed in terms of frequency and typology. Results suggest that the proficiency level and the role adopted in the simulated task appeared to affect the overall frequency and typology of backchannels. Learners with a higher level of language proficiency seem to use backchannels more frequently, probably due to their greater linguistic repertoire and pragmatic awareness regarding the construction of interaction. Results also show that the backchannel categories of continuer and agreement stand out above the rest. Finally, the study offers some pedagogical implications concerning the treatment of backchannels in the language classroom.